More importantly, under what conditions do they foster inclusion - or reinforce exclusion?

This research article sheds light on these complex questions through a relational comparison of nonprofits in two distinct urban contexts: Vienna (Austria) and Shenzhen (China), each with unique institutional, political, and cultural backgrounds. The findings suggest that interpersonal contact and representative governance in nonprofit organizations are closely linked to their (un)responsiveness to the needs of migrant populations. These results challenge the often-idealized perceptions of urban civic spaces and community interactions, underscoring the paradoxical mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion.

Bridging Divides or Widening Gaps? Nonprofit Organizations’ Efforts for Migrant Inclusion in Two Global Cities - Yan Long, Wei Luo, Berta Terzieva, 2025